Research Article Open Access

RETRACTED: Toxicity Assessment of Phosphonium Based Ionic Liquids Towards Female Guppy Fish

Mohanad El-Harbawi1, Yasmin Syazwani Bt. Yusri2 and M. Ismail Hossain3
  • 1 King Saud University, Saudi Arabia
  • 2 University Teknologi MARA, Saudi Arabia
  • 3 University Teknologi PETRONAS, Malaysia

Abstract

In this study, two phosphonium based ionic liquids (butyl triphenyl phosphonium chloride and hexyl triphenyl phosphonium bromide) have been synthesized using quarternisation process. The toxicities of these Ionic Liquids (ILs) are unknown and may be harmful to humans and the environment. Therefore, the toxicity assessment of these ILs was carried out according to the Organization for Economic Cooperation and
Development (OECD) 203 guideline using female guppy fish (Poecilia reticulata). The median Lethal Concentrations (LC50) have been estimated for butyl triphenyl phosphonium chloride and for hexyl triphenyl phosphonium bromide to be 73.35 and 61.36 mg L−1  respectively. Both LC50 obtained can be identified as slightly toxic ILs based on Acute Toxicity Rating Scale by Fish and Wildlife Service (FWS). The findings from this study can be used for better design of phosphonium-based ILs with consideration of their aquatic toxicities.

American Journal of Environmental Sciences
Volume 9 No. 6, 2013, 511-517

DOI: https://doi.org/10.3844/ajessp.2013.511.517

Submitted On: 15 July 2013 Published On: 20 January 2014

How to Cite: El-Harbawi, M., Yusri, Y. S. B. & Hossain, M. I. (2013). RETRACTED: Toxicity Assessment of Phosphonium Based Ionic Liquids Towards Female Guppy Fish. American Journal of Environmental Sciences, 9(6), 511-517. https://doi.org/10.3844/ajessp.2013.511.517

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Keywords

  • Ionic Liquids
  • Fish
  • Toxicity
  • Lethal Concentration